The emplacement of intermediate volume ignimbrites: A case study from Roccamonfina Volcano,Southern Italy

A model is presented for the emplacement of intermediate volume ignimbrites based on a study of two 6 km³ volume ignimbrites on Roccamonfina Volcano, Italy. The model considers that the flows were slow moving, and quickly deflated from turbulent to non-turbulent conditions. Yield strength and density increased whereas fluidisation decreased with time and runout of the pyroclastic flows. In proximal locations, on the caldera rim, heterogeneous exposures including discontinuous lithic breccias, stratified and cross-stratified units interbedded with massive ignimbrite suggest deposition from turbulent flows. In medial locations thick, massive ignimbrite occurs associated with three types of co-ignimbrite lithic breccia which we interpret as being emplaced by non-turbulent flows. Multiple grading of different breccia/lithic concentration types within single flow units indicates that internal shear occurred producing overriding or overlapping of the rear of the flow onto the slower-moving front part. This overriding of different parts of non-turbulent pyroclastic flows could be caused by at least two different mechanisms: (1) changes in flow regime, such as hydraulic jumps that may occur at breaks in slope; and (2) periods of increased discharge rate, possibly associated with caldera collapse, producing fresh pulses of lithic-rich material that sheared onto the slower-moving part of the flow in front.We propose that ground surge deposits enriched in pumice compared with their associated ignimbrite probably formed by a flow separation mechanism from the top and front of the pyroclastic flow. These turbulent clouds moved ahead of the non-turbulent lower part of the flow to form stratified pumice-rich deposits. In distal regions well-developed coarse, often clast-supported, pumice concentrations zones and coarse intra-flow-unit lithic concentrations occur within the massive ignimbrite. We suggest that the flows were non-turbulent, possessed a relatively high yield strength and may have moved by plug flow prior to emplacement.     

Facies analysis of the Trypali carbonate unit (Upper Triassic) in central-western Crete (Greece): an evaporite formation transformed into solution-collapse breccias

The Trypali carbonate unit (Upper Triassic), which crops out mainly in central‐western Crete, occurs between the parautochthonous series (Plattenkalk or Talea Ori‐Ida series, e.g. metamorphic Ionian series) and the Tripolis nappe (comprising the Tripolis carbonate series and including a basal Phyllite–Quartzite unit). It consists of interbedded dolomitic layers, represented principally by algally laminated peloidal mudstones, foraminiferal, peloidal and ooidal grainstones, as well as by fine‐grained detrital carbonate layers, in which coarse baroque dolomite crystals and dolomite nodules are dispersed. Baroque dolomite is present as pseudomorphs after evaporite crystals (nodules and rosettes), which grew penecontemporaneously by displacement and/or replacement of the host sediments (sabkha diagenesis). However, portions of the evaporites show evidence of resedimentation. Pre‐existing evaporites predominantly consisted of skeletal halite crystals that formed from fragmentation of pyramidal‐shaped hoppers, as well as of anhydrite nodules and rosettes (salt crusts). All microfacies are characteristic of peritidal depositional environments, such as sabkhas, tidal flats, shallow hypersaline lagoons, tidal bars and/or tidal channels. Along most horizons, the Trypali unit is strongly brecciated. These breccias are of solution‐collapse origin, forming after the removal of evaporite beds. Evaporite‐related diagenetic fabrics show that there was extensive dissolution and replacement of pre‐existing evaporites, which resulted in solution‐collapse of the carbonate beds. Evaporite replacement fabrics, including calcitized and silicified evaporite crystals, are present in cements in the carbonate breccias. Brecciation was a multistage process; it started in the Triassic, but was most active in the Tertiary, in association with uplift and ground‐water flow (telogenetic alteration). During late diagenesis, in zones of intense evaporite leaching and brecciation, solution‐collapse breccias were transformed to rauhwackes. The Trypali carbonate breccias (Trypali unit) are lithologically and texturally similar to the Triassic solution‐collapse breccias of the Ionian zone (continental Greece). The evaporites probably represent a major diapiric injection along the base of the parautochthonous series (metamorphic Ionian series) and also along the overthrust surface separating the parautochthonous series from the Tripolis nappe (Phyllite–Quartzite and Tripolis series). The injected evaporites were subsequently transformed into solution‐collapse breccias.     

西藏拿若铜(金)矿床隐爆角砾岩流体包裹体研究

隐爆角砾岩是西藏拿若矿床的重要组成部分,赋存厚大的铜矿体。笔者将隐爆角砾岩中流体分成两个主要期次,并对这两期流体开展包裹体研究。通过包裹体岩相学和显微测温认为:角砾中的石英(早期)包裹体形状均匀呈椭圆形,大小主要在2~5μm;胶结物中石英(晚期)包裹体形状可见椭圆状、长条状和近方形,大小主要在2~7μm。早期流体的包裹体可分为两个阶段,均一温度分别为早阶段280~368℃和晚阶段208~305℃,盐度分布为(4.65~12.73)%Na Cleq。晚期流体的包裹体同样可分为两个阶段,其均一温度分别为早阶段309~588℃和晚阶段232~335℃,盐度变化为(3.55~12.51)%Na Cleq,两个阶段的流体分别属于高温、中低盐度和中高温、中低盐度流体。L-V型包裹体激光拉曼分析显示:包裹体中气泡成分主要为气态H2O和少量CO2。拿若矿床至少经历两次隐爆作用,由晚期沸腾热液引起,并未成矿。成矿作用发生于隐爆角砾岩形成之后。     

小兴安岭霍吉河钼矿床成矿过程——透岩浆成矿作用

传统上将小兴安岭霍吉河钼矿床归类为斑岩型钼矿.通过对矿区地质特征的研究,即矿区无斑岩体、矿体围绕隐爆角砾岩呈环状出露、石英细脉-网脉状和浸染状矿石结构、成矿年龄明显晚于赋矿围岩形成时间等,认为该矿床是透岩浆成矿作用的结果.早中生代伊春-延寿花岗岩岩基带上相伴的大型-超大型钼矿是典型的透岩浆成矿作用的产物,是岩基后成矿作用.     

江西李公岭花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年及找矿前景

为探究江西李公岭花岗闪长岩的成岩时代和成矿前景,对李公岭地区的花岗闪长岩及其中发育的隐爆角砾岩筒中的花岗闪长(斑)岩角砾岩块分别进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年。测年结果表明,李公岭花岗闪长岩(150.6±1.1)Ma和隐爆角砾岩筒中的花岗闪长(斑)岩岩块(151.0±1.3)Ma基本为同时形成,时代为晚侏罗世。李公岭花岗闪长岩和李公岭角砾岩筒中的花岗闪长(斑)岩的形成时代与区内发育的阳储岭W-Mo矿的成岩成矿时代基本一致,以及隐爆角砾岩筒和周围的网脉状石英脉的存在,表明李公岭地区当时可能存在一个岩浆热液活动中心,且该热液活动可能与江南古陆东北缘燕山晚期大规模W-Mo成矿作用有关,暗示李公岭岩体周围具有较大的W-Mo找矿前景。     

山东五莲七宝山金铜矿控矿因素及找矿方向

五莲七宝山金铜矿床赋存于隐爆角砾岩筒中 ,与次火山岩关系密切。火山机构受NE ,NW向断裂联合控制。根据隐爆角砾岩筒的地质标志 ,结合对物、化、遥等资料的综合分析认为七宝山地区还有较好的找矿前景     

甘肃北山地区南金山金矿床隐爆角砾岩体的发现及成矿规律研究

地质研究发现,南金山金矿区出露的下石炭统白山组上岩组的部分岩石为隐爆角砾岩,其中厚层-块状变花岗质砂砾岩为隐爆岩浆角砾岩,厚层-块状变凝灰质砂砾岩为隐爆凝灰角砾岩。隐爆角砾岩体呈近EW向带状分布,隐爆岩浆角砾岩分布于岩体中部,构成岩体的内带,隐爆凝灰角砾岩对称分布于岩体南北两侧,构成岩体的外带。经矿床地质研究,提出了新的认识,认为该矿床的形成受隐爆角砾岩体及隐爆断裂构造的控制,金矿体分布于隐爆角砾岩体外带的隐爆凝灰角砾岩及隐爆断裂中;提出了隐爆角砾岩体外带成矿、对称成矿和双层成矿等3条矿体分布规律。采用EH-4连续电导率成像仪进行了深部地球物理测量,测量结果验证了隐爆角砾岩体控矿及其成矿规律。     

鲁西大井头地区隐爆角砾岩特征及其金成矿性研究

大井头地区隐爆角砾岩主要分布在大井头、归后庄和埠西桥等地,隐爆角砾岩与中生代形成的铜石杂岩体具有成因关系.结合化学分析、微量元素、激电中梯测量资料,分析了该区隐爆角砾岩的金成矿性,确定了归后庄、埠西桥为不成矿隐爆角砾岩,查明大井头隐爆角砾岩具有较好的成矿前景,并通过激电中梯测量圈定了一个极具成矿前景的靶区.     

河南省嵩县大石门沟钼矿床地质特征及找矿前景

河南省嵩县大石门沟钼矿是河南省核工业地质局近年发现并正在进行工作的矿产地,已基本查明为大型钼矿床,初步认为是受隐爆角砾岩体控制的热夜型钼矿床。钼矿体产于隐爆角砾岩体内,矿体形态为大脉状、规模大。文章在系统阐述该矿地质特征和成矿地质条件的基础上,对其找矿远景进行了初步分析。     

塔里木瓦吉里塔格超镁铁质隐爆角砾岩铂族元素和微量元素地球化学特征及其岩石成因探讨

本文对塔里木盆地二叠纪大火成岩省中瓦吉里塔格地区超镁铁质隐爆角砾岩进行了铂族元素(PGE)和主、微量及稀土元素分析和研究。结果显示,隐爆角砾岩中Os、Ir、Ru、Rh、Pt和Pd含量分别为0.36×10-9～1.08×10-9、0.23×10-9～0.44×10-9、0.29×10-9～0.92×10-9、0.11×10-9～0.18×10-9、1.88×10-9～3.16×10-9和1.39×10-9～3.52×10-9,均低于原始地幔,与夏威夷苦橄岩相似。该岩石的Pd/Ir比值在3.6～11.9之间,PGE分配模式呈一条正倾斜的曲线,表现出一定程度的分异,具有非俯冲背景下产生的基性-超基性岩的PGE配分特点。略高于原始地幔但变化较小的Cu/Pd比值(5.1×104～12.1×104)表明其岩浆在上升侵位过程中并没有发生明显的饱和硫化物熔离作用,而岩浆源区在部分熔融过程中可能有少量残留的硫化物存在。隐爆角砾岩全岩的IPGE元素与MgO之间基本上呈正相关,而PPGE元素与MgO之间则略成负相关或无明显相关性,指示PGE的分异主要受到橄榄石结晶分异作用的控制。地球化学特征显示隐爆角砾岩的稀土元素总量高度富集(964.1×10-6～1299×10-6)和轻、重稀土强烈分馏((La/Yb)N=45.88～64.90),且微量元素蛛网图上大离子亲石元素富集和Nb、Ta的轻微亏损以及Zr、Hf的明显贫化,表明岩石可能遭受一定程度的地幔交代作用影响。但是,角砾与胶结物具有相近的PGE特征表明交代作用对PGE的影响并不大,暗示PGE可能主要赋存于禁锢在硅酸盐矿物内的硫化物包裹体中。